Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Daniel J. Klionsky, Fábio Camargo Abdalla, Hagai Abeliovich, Robert T. Abraham, Abraham Acevedo‐Arozena, Khosrow Adeli, Lotta Agholme, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Julio A. Aguirre‐Ghiso, Hyung Jun Ahn, Ouardia Aït-Mohamed, Slimane Ait‐Si‐Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Shizuo Akira, Hesham M. Al‐Younes, Munir A. Al‐Zeer, Matthew L. Albert, Roger L. Albin, Javier Alegre‐Abarrategui, Maria Francesca Aleo, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte‐Becerril, Atsuo Amano, Ravi K. Amaravadi, Shoba Amarnath, Amal O. Amer, Nathalie Andrieu‐Abadie, Vellareddy Anantharam, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar‐Dukie, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Giuseppe Arancia, John P. Aris, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Nana Asare, Hisashi Ashida, Valerie Askanas, David S. Askew, Patrick Auberger, Misuzu Baba, Steven K. Backues, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ben A. Bahr, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Robert A. Baiocchi, Giulia Baldini, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Bruce A. Bamber, Edward T. W. Bampton, Gábor Juhász, Clinton R. Bartholomew, Diane C. Bassham, Robert C. Bast, Henri Batoko, Boon-Huat Bay, Isabelle Beau, Daniel Béchet, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Soumeya Bekri, Bryan H. Bellaire, Linda J. Bendall, Luca Benetti, Laura Berliocchi, Henri Bernardi, Francesca Bernassola, Sébastien Besteiro, Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova, Xiaoning Bi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Janice S. Blum, Lawrence Boise, Paolo Bonaldo, David L. Boone, Beat Bornhäuser, Karina Ramalho Bortoluci, Ioannis Bossis, Frédéric Bost, Jean‐Pierre Bourquin, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer‐Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Claudio Brancolini, Andreas Brech, Jay E. Brenman, Ana Brennand, Emery Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, Molly L. Bristol, Paul S. Brookes, Karen Brown, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri, Ulf T. Brunk, Dennis E. Bulman, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Lena F. Burbulla, Wilfried Bursch, Jonathan P. Butchar, Wanda Buzgariu, Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahová, Jingjing Cai, Jiyang Cai, Qian Cai, Bruno Calabretta, Javier Calvo‐Garrido, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Jenny Campos‐Salinas, Eleonora Candi, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Simon R. Carding, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Cathleen R. Carlin, Virginie Carmignac, Leticia A.M. Carneiro, Serena Carra, Rosario A. Caruso, Giorgio Casari, Caty Casas, Roberta Castino, Eduardo Cebollero, Francesco Cecconi, Jean Celli, Hassan Chaachouay, Han–Jung Chae, Chee‐Yin Chai, Min Chen, Edmond Y.W. Chan, Raymond Chuen‐Chung Chang, Chi‐Ming Che, Ching‐Chow Chen, Guang‐Chao Chen, Guo-Qiang Chen, Min Chen, Quan Chen, Steve S.-L. Chen, Wen‐Li Chen, Xi Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Xiequn Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher H.K. Cheng, Yan Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Jae‐Ho Cheong, Sara Cherry, Russ Chess‐Williams, Zelda H. Cheung, Éric Chevet, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Tomoki Chiba, Lih‐Shen Chin, Shih‐Hwa Chiou, Francis V. Chisari, Chi Hin Cho, Dong-Hyung Cho, Augustine M.K. Choi, DooSeok Choi, Kyeong Sook Choi, Mary E. Choi, Salem Chouaib, Vinay Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung-Hsien Chuang, Sheau‐Huei Chueh, Taehoon Chun, Yong-Joon Chwae, Mee‐Len Chye, Roberto Ciarcia, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Michael J. Clague, Robert S. B. Clark, Robert Clarke, Robert Clarke, Patrice Codogno, Hilary A. Coller, María I. Colombo, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Fabrizio Condorelli, Mark Cookson, Graham H. Coombs, Isabelle Coppens, Ramón Corbalán, Pascale Cossart, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Ana Coto‐Montes, Eduardo Couve, Fraser P. Coxon, James M. Cregg, José L. Crespo, Marianne J. Cronjé, Ana María Cuervo, Joseph J. Cullen, Mark J. Czaja, Marcello D’Amelio, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Lester M. Davids, Faith E. Davies, Massimo De Felici, John F. de Groot, Cornelis A. M. de Haan, Maria Antonietta De Matteis, Angelo De Milito, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Alexei Degterev, Benjamin Dehay, Lea M.D. Delbridge, Francesca Demarchi, Yizhen Deng, Jörn Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton, Vojo Deretić, Shyamal D. Desai, Rodney J. Devenish, Mario Di Gioacchino, Gilbert Di Paolo, Chiara Di Pietro, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Inés Dı́az-Laviada, María T. Díaz‐Meco, Javier Díaz‐Nido, Ivan Đikić, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, Wen-Xing Ding, C W Distelhorst, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Zheng Dong, Frank C. Dorsey, Victor Dosenko, James J. Dowling, Stephen Doxsey, Marlène Dreux, Mark E. Drew, Qiuhong Duan, Michel A. Duchosal, Karen Duff, Isabelle Dugail, Madeleine Durbeej, Michael Duszenko, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Gustavo Egea, Ludwig Eichinger, N. Tony Eissa, Sühendan Ekmekçioglu, Wafik S. El‐Deiry, Zvulun Elazar, Mohamed Elgendy, Lisa M. Ellerby, Kai Er Eng, Anna‐Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Ricardo Escalante, Audrey Esclatine, Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Virginia Espina, Huizhou Fan, Jia Fan, Qi-Wen Fan, Zhen Fan, Shengyun Fang, Yongqi Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Jean‐Claude Farré, Mathias Faure, Marcus Fechheimer, Carl G. Feng, Jian Feng, Qili Feng, Youji Feng, László Fésüs, Ralph Feuer, Maria E. Figueiredo‐Pereira, Gian María Fimia, Diane C. Fingar, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Kim D. Finley, Filomena Fiorito, Edward A. Fisher, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Maria L. Florez‐McClure, Salvatore Florio, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Rati Fotedar, Daniel H. Fowler, Howard S. Fox, Rodrigo Franco, Lisa B. Frankel, Marc Fransen, José M. Fuentes, Juàn Fueyo, Jun Fujii, Kozo Fujisaki, Eriko Fujita, Mitsunori Fukuda, Ruth H. Furukawa, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Małgorzata Gajewska, Brigitte Galliot, Vincent Galy, Subramaniam Ganesh, Barry Ganetzky, Ian G. Ganley, Fen‐Biao Gao, G Gao, Jinming Gao, Lorena Garcia, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Mikel Garcia‐Marcos, Marjan Garmyn, Andrei L. Gartel, Evelina Gatti, Mathias Gautel, Thomas R. Gawriluk, Matthew E. Gegg, Jiefei Geng, Marc Germain, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Pradipta Ghosh, A M Giammarioli, Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki, Spencer B. Gibson, Robert W. Gilkerson, Michael L. Ginger, Henry N. Ginsberg, Jakub Gołąb, Michael S. Goligorsky, Pierre Golstein, Candelaria Gomez‐Manzano, Ebru Göncü, Céline Gongora, Claudio González, Ramón González, Cristina González‐Estévez, Rosa A. González‐Polo, Elena González‐Rey, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Devrim Gözüaçık, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Gary Grant, Kim N. Green, Ales Gregorc, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Thomas W. Grunt, Philippe Gual, Jun‐Lin Guan, Kun‐Liang Guan, Sylvie M. Guichard, Anna S. Gukovskaya, Ilya Gukovsky, Jan Gunst, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Andrew J. Halayko, Amber N. Hale, Sandra K. Halonen, Maho Hamasaki, Feng Han, Ting Han, Michael K. Hancock, Malene Hansen, Hisashi Harada, Masaru Harada, Stefan E. Hardt, J. Wade Harper, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Steven D. Harris, Makoto Hashimoto, Jeffrey A. Haspel, Shin-ichiro Hayashi, Lori A. Hazelhurst, Congcong He, You‐Wen He, Marie‐Josée Hébert, Kim A. Heidenreich, Miep Helfrich, G. Vignir Helgason, Elizabeth P Henske, Brian Herman, Paul K. Herman, Claudio Hetz, Sabine Hilfiker, Joseph A. Hill, Lynne J. Hocking, Paul Hofman, Thomas G. Hofmann, Jörg Höhfeld, Tessa L. Holyoake, Ming‐Huang Hong, David A. Hood, Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Ewout J. Houwerzijl, Maria Høyer-Hansen, Bingren Hu, Chien‐An Andy Hu, Hong‐Ming Hu, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Ju Huang, Shengbing Huang, Wei‐Pang Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Won-Ki Huh, Tai‐Ho Hung, Ted R. Hupp, Gang Min Hur, James B. Hurley, Sabah N.A. Hussain, Patrick J. Hussey, Seungmin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Shirin Ilkhanizadeh, Ken Inoki, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan Iovanna, Nancy Y. Ip, Yoshitaka Isaka, H. Ishida, Ciro Isidoro, K Isobe, Akiko Iwasaki, Marta Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Panu Jaakkola, Marja Jäättelä, George R. Jackson, William T. Jackson, Bassam Janji, Marina Jendrach, Ju‐Hong Jeon, Eui-Bae Jeung, Hong Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Jean X. Jiang, Ming Jiang, Qing Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Cheol O. Joe, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail V.W. Johnson, Nicola L. Jones, Bertrand Joseph, Suresh K. Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Gábor Juhász, Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret, Chang Hwa Jung, Yong‐Keun Jung, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Motoni Kadowaki, Katarina Kågedal, Yoshiaki Kamada, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Chanhee Kang, Khong Bee Kang, Kwang Il Kang, Rui Kang, Yoon-A Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Arthi Kanthasamy, Vassiliki Karantza, Gur P. Kaushal, Susmita Kaushik, Yoshinori Kawazoe, Po‐Yuan Ke, John H. Kehrl, Ameeta Kelekar, Claus Kerkhoff, David Kessel, Hany Khalil, Jan A.K.W. Kiel, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Do‐Hyung Kim, Do‐Hyung Kim, Dong‐Hou Kim, Eun‐Kyoung Kim, Hyung‐Ryong Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, John K. Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec Kimmelman, Jason King, Timothy J. Kinsella, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Kaio Kitazato, Ludger Klein, Walter T. Klimecki, Jochen Klucken, Erwin Knecht, Ben C.B. Ko, Jan Christoph Koch, Hiroshi Koga, Jae‐Young Koh, Young Ho Koh, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Hee Jeong Kong, Wei-Jia Kong, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Yaichiro Kotake, Michael I. Koukourakis, Juan B. Kourí, Attila L. Kovács, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Krämer, Carole Kretz‐Remy, Anna M. Krichevsky, Guido Kroemer, Rejko Krüger, Oleg Krut, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Chia-Yi Kuan, Róża Kucharczyk, Ashok Kumar, Raj Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing‐Jien Kung, Tino Kurz, Ho Jeong Kwon, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Trond Lamark, Jacques Landry, Jon D. Lane, Pierre Lapaquette, Jocelyn Laporte, Lajos László, Sergio Lavandero, Josée Lavoie, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Weidong Le, Laurent Le Cam, Daniel Ledbetter, Alvin Lee, Byung‐Wan Lee, Gyun Min Lee, Jong‐Dae Lee, Ju‐Hyun Lee, Michael Lee, Myung‐Shik Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Patrick Legembre, Renaud Legouis, Michael H. Lehmann, Huan‐Yao Lei, Qun‐Ying Lei, David A. Leib, J. Leiro, John J. Lemasters, Antoinette Lemoine, Maciej S. Lesniak, Dina Lev, Victor Levenson, Beth Levine, Efrat Levy, Faqiang Li, Junlin Li, Lian Li, Sheng Li, Weijie Li, Xuejun Li, Yanbo Li, Yi-Ping Li, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yung-Feng Liao, Pawel P. Liberski, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung J. Lim, Kah‐Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Chiou‐Feng Lin, Fu‐Cheng Lin, Jian Lin, Jiandie D. Lin, Kwang‐Huei Lin, Wan‐Wan Lin, Weei-Chin Lin, Yi‐Ling Lin, Rafael Linden, Paul Lingor, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chun‐Feng Liu, Kaiyu Liu, Leyuan Liu, Qiong Liu, Wei Liu, Young‐Chau Liu, Yule Liu, Richard A. Lockshin, Chun‐Nam Lok, Sagar Lonial, Ben Loos, Gabriel Lopez‐Berestein, Carlos López-Otı́n, Laura Lossi, Michael T. Lotze, Péter Lőw, Binfeng Lu, Bingwei Lu, Jiahong Lu, Zhen Lü, Frédéric Luciano, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Anders H. Lund, Melinda A. Lynch-Day, Yong Ma, Fernando Macián, Jeff P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, Frank Madeo, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Davide Malagoli, May Christine V. Malicdan, Walter Malorni, Na Man, Eva‐Maria Mandelkow, Stéphen Manon, Irena Manov, Kai Mao, Xiang Mao, Zixu Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Daniela Marazziti, Yves L. Marcel, Katie Marchbank, Piero Marchetti, Stefan J. Marciniak, Mateus Marcondes, Mohsen Mardi, Gabriella Marfè, Guillermo Mariño, Maria Markaki, Mark R. Marten, Séamus J. Martin, Camille Martinand-Mari, Wim Martinet, Marta Martínez‐Vicente, Matilde Masini, Paola Matarrese, Saburo Matsuo, Rafaele Matteoni, Andreas Mayer, Nathalie M. Mazure, David J. McConkey, Melanie J. McConnell, Catherine McDermott, Christine McDonald, Gerald M. McInerney, Sharon L. McKenna, BethAnn McLaughlin, Pamela J. McLean, Christopher R. McMaster, G. Angus McQuibban, Alfred J. Meijer, Miriam H. Meisler, Alicia Meléndez, Thomas J. Melia, Sonia Melino, María A. Mena, Javier A. Menéndez, Rubem F. S. Menna‐Barreto, M. Menon, Fiona M. Menzies, Carol A. Mercer, Adalberto Merighi, Diane E. Merry, Stefania Meschini, Christian G. Meyer, Thomas F. Meyer, Chao‐Yu Miao, Jun‐Ying Miao, Paul A.M. Michels, Carine Michiels, Dalibor Mijaljica, Ana Milojkovic, Saverio Minucci, Clelia Miracco, Cindy K. Miranti, Ioannis Mitroulis, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Xavier Molero, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Takashi Momoi, Iryna Monastyrska, Martha M. Monick, Mervyn J. Monteiro, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora, Kevin Moreau, Paula I. Moreira, Yuji Moriyasu, Jorge Moscat, Serge Mostowy, Jeremy C. Mottram, T. Motyl, Charbel Moussa, Sylke Müller, Sylviane Muller, Karl Münger, Christian Münz, Leon O. Murphy, Maureen E. Murphy, Antonio Musarò, Indira Mysorekar, Eiichiro Nagata, Kazuhiro Nagata, Aimable Nahimana, Usha Nair, Toshiyuki Nakagawa, Kiichi Nakahira, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Naweed I. Naqvi, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Miguel Navarro, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Andriy Nemchenko, Mihai G. Netea, Thomas P. Neufeld, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. 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Xavier, Zhijun Xi, Pu Xia, Gengfu Xiao, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, D Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Ai Yamamoto, Akitsugu Yamamoto, Shunhei Yamashina, Michiaki Yamashita, Zhen Yan, Mitsuhiro Yanagida, Dun‐Sheng Yang, Elizabeth Yang, Jinming Yang, Shi Yu Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Tso-Pang Yao, Behzad Yeganeh, Wei-Lien Yen, Jia-Jing Yin, Xiao-Ming Yin, Ook-Joon Yoo, Gyesoon Yoon, Seung-Yong Yoon, Tomohiro Yorimitsu, Yuko Yoshikawa, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Kohki Yoshimoto, Ho Jin You, Richard J. Youle, Anas Younes, Wai Haung Yu, Long Yu, Seong-Woon Yu, Wai Haung Yu, Zhi-Min Yuan, Zhenyu Yue, Cheol‐Heui Yun, Michisuke Yuzaki, Olga Zabirnyk, Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Zahra Zakeri, Herbert J. 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Autophagy, 2012